RSD Treatment: Therapy, Medication, and Self-Help Strategies That Work

Stimulant Medications: Indirect and Inconsistent

Standard ADHD stimulants (amphetamine-based medications like Adderall and Vyvanse; methylphenidate-based like Ritalin and Concerta) improve overall prefrontal cortex function, which can reduce RSD intensity. For some people, this is sufficient. For others — particularly those with severe RSD — stimulants alone leave the emotional flooding largely intact.

The distinction matters for treatment planning. If stimulants significantly reduced your RSD, continue. If they haven't, this is the conversation to have with your prescriber.

What About SSRIs?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs like fluoxetine, sertraline) are commonly prescribed for emotional sensitivity and mood-related symptoms. For ADHD-specific RSD, the evidence is limited. SSRIs can help if depression or anxiety co-occur with RSD — but they don't address the norepinephrine and dopamine mechanisms that drive ADHD-related emotional flooding.

If you've been prescribed an SSRI primarily for RSD symptoms and haven't seen results, this is consistent with the research. SSRIs are not first-line for ADHD-driven RSD specifically.

Therapy: What Works for RSD

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Adapted for ADHD

The landmark Safren et al. (2010) study published in JAMA demonstrated that CBT specifically adapted for adult ADHD produces significant improvements in emotional regulation — not just attention and organization. This isn't standard CBT applied to an ADHD person; it's a modified protocol that accounts for how ADHD affects cognitive processing.

For RSD specifically, CBT works on three mechanisms:

1. Pattern recognition. The first goal is identifying your personal RSD pattern: which triggers fire most reliably, whether your episodes trend inward or outward, and what the post-episode shame cycle looks like. You cannot interrupt a pattern you can't see.

2. Reality-testing skills. The ADHD brain's impaired working memory makes it difficult to hold rejection alongside moderating context in the moment. CBT builds this skill deliberately — "Is this actual rejection, or perceived rejection?" becomes a practiced question, not an abstract one.

3. Behavioral exposure to rejection risk. A significant portion of RSD's impact comes from what people stop doing: not applying, not sharing, not initiating. CBT for RSD includes graduated exposure to rejection risk — taking on small-stakes situations where rejection is possible, building evidence that rejection is survivable and doesn't define worth.

DBT Distress Tolerance Skills

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) was developed for borderline personality disorder, but its distress tolerance module is directly applicable to RSD episodes. These skills don't address the source of RSD — they interrupt an active episode.

The most effective skill set for in-the-moment RSD is TIPP:

• T — Temperature: Cold water on your face or wrists activates the mammalian diving reflex and can rapidly reduce physiological arousal. Holding an ice cube during an RSD episode is not metaphorical — it changes the nervous system state within seconds.

• I — Intense exercise: A burst of intense physical activity (30-60 seconds of jumping jacks, a sprint) redirects the nervous system's activation pathway from emotional flooding to physical output.

• P — Paced breathing: Specifically, extending the exhale longer than the inhale. A 4-count inhale followed by a 6-8 count exhale activates the parasympathetic nervous system within a few breath cycles.

• P — Progressive relaxation: Systematically tensing and releasing muscle groups. This works for people for whom the other three methods aren't accessible in context.

These techniques don't require believing they'll work. They operate at a physiological level that bypasses the flooded rational mind.

What Doesn't Work (and Why)

Generic mindfulness for RSD episodes: Being told to "observe your feelings without judgment" during an RSD flood is ineffective. The episode is too fast and too intense for observation-based practices to intervene. Mindfulness is useful between episodes — for building awareness of triggers and reducing baseline reactivity — but not during.

Reasoning with yourself during an episode: "I know this is irrational" doesn't reduce RSD intensity. The prefrontal cortex — the reasoning part — is precisely the part that is offline during a flood. Save the cognitive work for after the episode subsides.

Trying to feel less: Attempts to suppress or suppress the emotion during an RSD episode tend to extend its duration and increase post-episode shame. The evidence-based approach is emotion regulation (modulating intensity) and distress tolerance (surviving the episode), not emotional suppression.

Self-Help Strategies That Account for ADHD

Effective self-help for RSD has to work with ADHD's cognitive profile, not against it. Strategies that require sustained reflection, complex multi-step processes, or access to working memory during a flood will fail under the exact conditions they're needed.

Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria Symptoms: How to Know If You Have RSD

Rejection sensitive dysphoria symptoms include sudden, overwhelming emotional pain triggered by perceived rejection, intense shame spirals, avoidance of opportunities, and rage or withdrawal that feels uncontrollable — even when the trigger seems minor to others.